The history of Islam1 / 2
The goddesses of Mecca.
19Have ye thought upon Al-Lat and Al-'Uzza 20And Manat, the third, the other?
Quran 53:19-20 (Pickthall) · context
Arabia before Islam
Arabia before Islam
The history of Islam2 / 2
360 idols.
Sahih al-Bukhari 4287: when the Prophet entered Mecca at its conquest there were 360 idols around the Kaaba.
Arabia before Islam
The history of Islam1 / 4
About 570.
Born in Mecca, orphaned young, raised by his grandfather and his uncle Abu Talib.
The life of Muhammad
The history of Islam2 / 4
610.
First revelation in the cave of Hira (Sahih al-Bukhari 3).
The life of Muhammad
The history of Islam3 / 4
622.
The hijra to Yathrib, renamed Medina. Year 1 of the Islamic calendar.
The life of Muhammad
The history of Islam4 / 4
630-632.
Conquest of Mecca; death in Medina in 632.
The life of Muhammad
The history of Islam1 / 2
The first words, by Muslim tradition.
1Read: In the name of thy Lord Who createth, 2Createth man from a clot. 3Read: And thy Lord is the Most Bounteous, 4Who teacheth by the pen, 5Teacheth man that which he knew not.
Quran 96:1-5 (Pickthall) · context
The revelation accounts
The history of Islam2 / 2
After the pause.
1O thou enveloped in thy cloak, 2Arise and warn!
Quran 74:1-2 (Pickthall) · context
The revelation accounts
The history of Islam1 / 4
Abu Bakr, 632-634.
Fought the ridda (apostasy) wars against Arab tribes that broke away after Muhammad's death.
The caliphs
The history of Islam2 / 4
Umar, 634-644.
Conquered Syria, Iraq, Egypt and Jerusalem; assassinated.
The caliphs
The history of Islam3 / 4
Uthman, 644-656.
Standardised the Quran; killed by rebels.
The caliphs
The history of Islam4 / 4
Ali, 656-661.
Civil war (the first fitna); assassinated.
The caliphs
The history of Islam1 / 2
Gathered.
Sahih al-Bukhari 4986: Zayd ibn Thabit gathers the Quran from parchments, bones, palm stalks and the memories of men.
How the Quran was compiled
The history of Islam2 / 2
Standardised and burned.
Sahih al-Bukhari 4987: Uthman sends out a standard copy and orders all others burnt.
How the Quran was compiled
The history of Islam1 / 1
632 to 870.
Muhammad died in 632. Al-Bukhari, compiler of the most trusted collection, died in 870.
The hadith era
The history of Islam1 / 2
Fight until they pay.
29Fight against such of those who have been given the Scripture as believe not in Allah nor the Last Day, and forbid not that which Allah hath forbidden by His messenger, and follow not the Religion of Truth, until they pay the tribute readily, being brought low.
Quran 9:29 (Pickthall) · context
How Islam spread
The history of Islam2 / 2
636-711.
Yarmuk (636), Jerusalem (637/638), Egypt (641), Persia (Nahavand, 642), North Africa, Spain (711), Sindh (711-712).
How Islam spread
What Islam's sources say about violence and jihad1 / 4
Permission to fight.
39Sanction is given unto those who fight because they have been wronged; and Allah is indeed Able to give them victory;
Quran 22:39 (Pickthall) · context
What the Quran says about fighting
What Islam's sources say about violence and jihad2 / 4
The verse known as the sword verse.
5Then, when the sacred months have passed, slay the idolaters wherever ye find them, and take them (captive), and besiege them, and prepare for them each ambush. But if they repent and establish worship and pay the poor-due, then leave their way free. Lo! Allah is Forgiving, Merciful.
Quran 9:5 (Pickthall) · context
What the Quran says about fighting
What Islam's sources say about violence and jihad3 / 4
Against the People of the Scripture.
29Fight against such of those who have been given the Scripture as believe not in Allah nor the Last Day, and forbid not that which Allah hath forbidden by His messenger, and follow not the Religion of Truth, until they pay the tribute readily, being brought low.
Quran 9:29 (Pickthall) · context
What the Quran says about fighting
What Islam's sources say about violence and jihad4 / 4
The same chapter grants protection.
6And if anyone of the idolaters seeketh thy protection (O Muhammad), then protect him so that he may hear the Word of Allah, and afterward convey him to his place of safety. That is because they are a folk who know not.
Quran 9:6 (Pickthall) · context
What the Quran says about fighting
What Islam's sources say about violence and jihad1 / 3
Ordered to fight people.
Sahih al-Bukhari 25: the Prophet says he has been ordered to fight people until they testify that there is no god but Allah and Muhammad is his messenger, pray and pay zakat.
What the sahih hadith say
What Islam's sources say about violence and jihad2 / 3
Leaving Islam.
Sahih al-Bukhari 6922: whoever changes his religion, kill him.
What the sahih hadith say
What Islam's sources say about violence and jihad3 / 3
Rules of war.
Sahih Muslim 1731a: commanders are to invite enemies to Islam, then to pay jizya, and to fight if they refuse; not to kill children.
What the sahih hadith say
What Islam's sources say about violence and jihad1 / 3
27 expeditions.
Ibn Ishaq's biography (as edited by Ibn Hisham) counts 27 expeditions in which Muhammad took part personally.
Muhammad's wars, as the sources record them
What Islam's sources say about violence and jihad2 / 3
Banu Qurayza, 627.
Sahih al-Bukhari 3043: the fighting men were to be killed and the women and children taken captive, on Sa'd ibn Mu'adh's judgment, which the Prophet approved.
Muhammad's wars, as the sources record them
What Islam's sources say about violence and jihad3 / 3
Jesus, by contrast.
52Then Jesus said to him, “Put your sword back into its place, for all those who take the sword will die by the sword.
Matthew 26:52 (WEB) · context
Muhammad's wars, as the sources record them
What Islam's sources say about violence and jihad1 / 2
Until they pay tribute.
29Fight against such of those who have been given the Scripture as believe not in Allah nor the Last Day, and forbid not that which Allah hath forbidden by His messenger, and follow not the Religion of Truth, until they pay the tribute readily, being brought low.
Quran 9:29 (Pickthall) · context
The early conquests and the dhimma
What Islam's sources say about violence and jihad2 / 2
Yarmuk to Spain.
Yarmuk 636, Jerusalem 637/638, Egypt 641, Persia 642, Spain 711, Sindh 711-712.
The early conquests and the dhimma
What Islam's sources say about violence and jihad1 / 2
A collective duty.
Classical law made jihad against non-Muslim lands a collective duty (fard kifaya) of the community, and an individual duty when Muslim lands are attacked.
Jihad and apostasy in classical Islamic law
What Islam's sources say about violence and jihad2 / 2
Apostasy.
All four Sunni schools and Twelver Shia law prescribed death for an adult male apostate who would not return.
Jihad and apostasy in classical Islamic law
